9th Biology Notes / بیالوجی
1- Introduction to Biology
بیالوجی کا تعارف
Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology
- Chapter Introduction
- Divisions of biology
- Relationship of biology to other sciences
- Careers in biology
- Quran and biology
- Muslim scientists
- Levels of Organization – subatomic & atomic level; molecular level; organelle and cell level/ tissue level; organ and organ system level; individual level
- Population-level/ Community and biosphere level
- Cellular organization – Unicellular and colonial organization
- Multicellular organization – mustard plant and frog
- Assessment
- Practical: Study of different types of bacteria with the help of prepared slides and of Amoeba, Paramecium, Volvox from prepared slides/ fresh culture/charts
- Practical: Study of the external morphology of mustard plant and microscopic examination of root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, and seeds
- Practical: Identification of major organs and organ systems in a dissected frog (dissection by demonstrator/teacher)
2- Solving a Biological Problems
با ئیو لو جیکل پرابلمز کو حل کرنا
Chapter 2: Solving a Biological Problem- Chapter Introduction
- Introduction to biological method
- Recognition of biological problem; observations; formulation of hypothesis; deductions and experiments; reporting the results
- Study of malaria as an example
- Theory, law and principle
- Data organization and data analysis
- Mathematics as an integral part of the scientific process
- Assessment
3- Biodiversity
بائیوڈ ائیورسٹی
Chapter 3: Biodiversity- Chapter Introduction
- Introduction and importance of biodiversity
- Classification: Aims & basis of classification
- Taxonomic hierarchy
- Species – basic unit of classification
- History of classification Systems
- Two-kingdom & three-kingdom classification system
- Five-kingdom classification system
- Characteristics of the five kingdoms
- Status of viruses
- Binomial nomenclature; Its significance
- Conservation of biodiversity; Impacts of human being on nature
- Practical: Observation of the apparent distinguishing taxonomic characters from fresh and preserved specimens and recognition of plants and animals on the basis of their taxonomic characters
- Practical: Evaluation of graphs of a population of an insect
4- Cells and Tissues
سیلز اینڈ ٹشوز
Chapter 4: Cells and Tissues- Chapter Introduction
- Microscopy and the emergence of Cell Theory
- Light microscopy and electron microscopy
- History of the formulation of Cell Theory
- Sub-cellular or A-cellular particles
- Cellular structures and functions; Cell wall
- Cell membrane; Cytoplasm; cytoskeleton
- Cell organelles; Nucleus; Ribosomes; Mitochondria; Plastids
- Endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus ; Lysosomes; Centrioles; Vacuoles
- Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- Relationship between cell function and cell structure
- Cell Size and Surface Area to Volume ratio
- Passage of molecules into and out of cells – Diffusion; Facilitated diffusion; Osmosis; Filtration; Active transport
- Endocytosis & Exocytosis
- Animal tissue – Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissues, Muscle tissue; Nervous tissue
- Plant tissues – Simple tissues (Meristemaic tissue & Permanent tissues)
- Compound tissues (Xylem & Phloem tissue)
- Assessment
- Review of Chapter/Test
- Practical: Use of microscope to observe movement of water in plants and to compare sizes of various types of cells
- Practical: Examination under the microscope an animal cell (e.g. from frog’s blood) and a plant cell (e.g. from onion epidermis), using an appropriate temporary staining technique, such as iodine or methylene blue
- Practical: Identification, from fresh preparations, of the cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm in an animal cell and the cell wall, cell membrane, sap vacuole, cytoplasm, nucleus and chloroplasts in a plant cell
- Practical: Preparation of the wet mounts of tissue from flowering plants and study of plant and animal tissues from charts and prepared slides
- Practical: Determination of the effect of tonicity on plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in plant cells or in Red Blood Cell
- Practical: Data collection on the number of stomata per unit area on various plant leaves that grow in areas of differing humidity, and compilation of data in a spreadsheet and graph it to determine whether there is a relationship between the variables
5- Cell Cycle
سیل سائیکل
Chapter 5: Cell Cycle- Chapter Introduction
- Cell cycle
- Mitosis (Karyokinesis, Cytokinesis)
- Significance of Mitosis / Errors in mitosis
- Meiosis; Phases of Meiosis; Prophase 1
- Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1,Telophase 1
- Meiosis II; Significance of Meiosis
- Comparison between mitosis and meiosis
- Apoptosis and Necrosis
- Assessment
- Practical: Observation of various stages of mitosis and meiosis by slides, model and charts
- Practical: Preparations of root tip squashes and study stages of mitosis
6- Enzymes
اینزائمز
Chapter 6: Enzyme- Chapter Introduction
- Introduction of enzymes
- Mechanism of enzyme action (Lock-n-Key Model)
- Specificity of Enzymes
- Assessment
- Review/Test
- Practical: Experiment to show working of enzyme in vitro e.g., pepsin working on meat in test tube
- Practical: Experiment to test enzyme action by putting diastase in a starch solution in test tube at 37°C and after fifteen minutes performing iodine test for presence of starch
7- Bioenergetics
بائیوانرجیٹکس
Chapter 7: Bioenergetics- Chapter Introduction
- Bioenergetics and the role of ATP
- Oxidation and reduction reaction
- ATP: The cell energy currency
- Photosynthesis; Mechanism of photosynthesis – Light reactions
- Mechanism of respiration
- Energy budget of respiration
- Assessment
- Review/Test
- Practical: Demonstration of the process of photosynthesis using an aquatic plant like Hydrilla
- Practical: Identification and labelling of the cellular and tissue structure in the CS of a leaf through observation under the microscope
- Practical: Investigation of the necessity of chlorophyll, light, carbon dioxide, using appropriate controls
- Practical: Experiment to demonstrate the process of respiration in germinating seeds by using limewater
- Practical: Investigation of the release of carbon dioxide and heat during aerobic respiration in germinating seeds
8- Nutrition
بیالوجی کا تعارف
Chapter 8: Nutrition- Chapter Introduction
- Mineral Nutrition in Plants
- Role of nitrogen and magnesium
- Importance of fertilizers
- Components of human food
- Minerals / Role of Calcium and iron
- Effects of Vitamins (A, C and D)
- Effects of Water and Dietary fibre
- Balanced Diet
- Problems related to nutrition
- Effect of malnutrition
- Famine – the major causes
- Digestion in Humans
- Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and defecation,
- Human alimentary canal – Oral cavity
9- Transport
ٹرانسپورٹ
Chapter 9: Transport- Chapter Introduction
- Transport in plants; Water and ion uptake
- Transpiration; Opening and closing of stomata
- Factors affecting the rate of transpiration; Significance of transpiration
- Transport of water and transport of food
- Transport in Humans
- Blood – Composition & Blood disorders
- ABO blood group system; Blood transfusions in ABO blood group system
- Rh blood group systems; Blood transfusions in Rh blood group system
- Human heart
- Pulmonary and systemic circulation
- Heart beat; Heart rate and Pulse rate
- Blood vessels
- General plan of human Arterial and Venous system
- Cardiovascular disorders
- Practical: Measurement of differences in length/weight of raw potato strips in concentrated salt solution and water
- Practical: Observation of root hairs on a growing root of onion, carrot etc.
- Practical: Microscopic observation of the structure and number of stomata in an epidermal peel of a leaf
- Practical: Investigation of the rate of water loss at the two surfaces of a leaf by a simple experiment using cobalt chloride paper
- Practical: Investigation of transpiration in potted plant under a bell jar
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