9th Chemistry Notes / کیمسٹری
1- Fundamentals of Chemistry
کیمسٹری کے بنیادی اصول
Chapter 1: Fundamentals of chemistry- Branches of chemistry and basic definitions
- Matter; Substance
- Physical and chemical properties
- Mixture, element, compound
- Atomic number and mass number
- Relative atomic mass and atom mass unit, chemical formula
- Empirical formula and a molecular formula
- Molecular mass and formula mass
- Quiz activity & lab
- Chemical species (ions, molecular ions, free radicals)
2- Structure of Atoms
ایٹم کی ساخت
Chapter2: Atomic Structure- Introduction
- Theories and experiments related to the structure of +lab
- Atom Cathode, Discovery proton, neutron
- And the atomic model of Rutherford, defects
- Boar’s atomic theory and comparison of both models; Lab
- Electronic configuration, electronic configuration of 1st 18 elements
- Isotopes & examples
- Applications and uses of isotopes, testing, prevailing theories bring about change in them
- Exercise & Lab
3- Periodic Table & Periodicity of Properties
پیر یا ڈک ٹیبل اور پیر یا ڈک ٹیبل کی خصوصیات
Chapter 3: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties- Introduction of periodic table, Do briner tirades and new land octaves
- Mendeleev periodic table, periodic law
- Modern periodic table & Lab
- Periodicity of properties atomic size
- Atomic radius, shielding effect, ionization energy,
- Electron affinity; Electronagativity
4- Structure of Molecules
مالیکیو لز کی اشکال
Chapter 4:Structure of Molecule- Introduction
- Why do atoms form chemical bond, chemical bond, types of chemical bond
- Ionic bond, covalent (polar and non-polar)
- Ionic, Dative, Metallic bond, Lab
- Intermolecular forces, dipole-dipole interactions,
- Hydrogen bonding, nature of bonds and properties
- Metals, synthetic adhesive. Aircraft cars
- Trucks and boats are partially held with epoxy adhesives; Science and technology & Lab
5- Physical States of Matter
مادے کی طبعی حالتیں
Chapter 5: Physical States of Matter- Introduction & Lab
- Gaseous state; Typical properties
- Standard atmospheric pressure; Boyles law experimental verification of Boyles law
- Numerical; Absolute temperature scale
- Charles law; experimental verification
- Physical states of matter and role of Inter molecular forces
- Liquid state; Typical properties; Evaporation
- Vapor pressure; Boiling point; Freezing point
6- Solutions
سلوشنز
Chapter 6: Solutions- Introduction; Solutions; Saturated solutions
- Un-saturated solutions; Super saturated solutions
- Solute; Solvents; Types of solutions; Concentration
- Units; Numerical; Lab
- Molarity; Preparation of Molar solutions
- Preparation of dilute solution solubility and solute solvent interaction
- Effect of temperature on solubility; Lab
7- Electrochemistry
الیکٹرو کیمسٹری
Chapter 7: Electrochemistry- Oxidation and reduction reactions
- Oxidation and reduction in terms of loss or gain of electrons
- Difference between oxidation and reduction
- Oxidation state and its rules, oxidizing and reducing agents; Lab
- Electro chemical cell
- Electrolytic cell; Working of an electrolyte
- Electrolysis of water; Galvanic cell
- Construction of a Daniel cell; Lab
- Downs cell; Nelson cell
- Manufacture of NaOH from brine solution
- Corrosion and prevention, Electroplating
- Procedure & Lab
8- Chemical Reactivity
کیمیکل ری ایکٹیویٹی
Chapter 8: Chemical Reactivity- Introduction, metals and properties
- Physical, chemical, electropositive character; trends of electro positivity
- Electro positivity and ionization energy; Comparison of physical properties and reactivity of alkali and alkaline earth metal
- Comparison of chemical properties and reactivity of sodium magnesium and calcium
- Uses of Na, Mg and Ca; Noble metals, non-metals;
- Inertness of Nobel metals; Lab
- Physical properties of non-metals,
- Chemical properties of non-metals,
- Comparison of reactivity of halogens; Important reactions of halogens
- Reaction with hydrogen water methane, sodium hydroid
- Significance of non-metals
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